Adobe has patched the Flash Player zero-day vulnerability exploited by a relatively new advanced persistent threat (APT) group dubbed “ScarCruft” in attacks aimed at high-profile targets.
With the release of Flash Player 22.0.0.192, Adobe addressed a total of 36 flaws that can lead to arbitrary code execution and information disclosure. The type confusion, use-after-free, heap buffer overflow, directory search path, and same-origin policy (SOP) bypass vulnerabilities were reported to the vendor by researchers from Cisco, Google, Tencent, Microsoft, Pangu LAB, Qihoo 360, FireEye and Kaspersky Lab.
The most important security hole is the one reported by Anton Ivanov and Costin Raiu of Kaspersky. The issue, tracked as CVE-2016-4171, has been exploited in targeted attacks by the ScarCruft threat group in a campaign dubbed by experts “Operation Daybreak.”
ScarCruft has been observed targeting entities in Russia, Nepal, South Korea, Kuwait, China, India and Romania. The actor is believed to have used at least one other Flash Player (CVE-2016-4117) and one Microsoft Windows zero-day (CVE-2016-0147) in its operations – both of which have been patched. The group leveraged CVE-2016-4117 in Operation Erebus, a campaign that also involved watering holes.
In Operation Daybreak, which is aimed at high-profile targets, the attackers used spear phishing emails to lure victims to a compromised website hosting the Flash Player exploit. Kaspersky Lab reported identifying over two dozen victims, including a law enforcement agency in Asia, one of the world’s largest trading companies, a US-based mobile advertising firm, a restaurant in Dubai, and the International Association of Athletics Federations.
The Flash Player vulnerability, located in the code that parses ExecPolicy metadata information, allows attackers to achieve full remote code execution. In Operation Daybreak, the exploitation chain leverages three Flash objects, with a legitimate PDF document served at the end to avoid raising suspicion.
Researchers discovered that the attackers have used a clever method to bypass modern anti-malware products that might be installed on victims’ systems. The exploit decrypts and executes a shellcode that downloads and runs a DLL file. This component is loaded directly into the exploited application and the payload can be executed using several methods, including one that leverages a bug in Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE), a Windows protocol used to share data between applications.
“It is not a secret that anti-malware systems trigger on special system functions that are called in the context of potential vulnerable applications to make a deeper analysis of API calls such as CreateProcess, WinExec or ShellExecute,” Ivanov and Raiu explained in a blog post.
“For instance, such defense technologies trigger if a potentially vulnerable application such as Adobe Flash starts other untrusted applications, scripts interpreters or even the command console,” the experts added. “To make execution of payload invisible for these defense systems, the threat actors used the Windows DDE interface in a very clever way.”
Microsoft has been informed by Kaspersky about how this undocumented behavior in Windows has been abused by malicious actors.
The final payload used in the attack, a CAB file, contains four malicious DLLs signed with an invalid certificate with serial numbers copied from legitimate certificates from the Chinese company Tencent.
According to researchers, the malware delivered in Operation Daybreak is “extremely rare” and likely reserved only for high profile targets. This and other pieces of malware used by ScarCruft are detected by Kaspersky as HEUR:Trojan.Win32.ScarCruft.gen.